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Lucifer and Prometheus
''Lucifer and Prometheus'' is the title of a classic work of psychological literary criticism written by R.J. Zwi Werblowsky and published in 1952. In it, Werblowsky argues that the Satan〔For Werblowsky's purposes, the names "Satan" and "Lucifer" are used more or less interchangeably.〕 of John Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' became a disproportionately appealing character because of attributes he shares with the Greek Titan Prometheus. It has been called "most illuminating" for its historical and typological perspective on Milton's Satan as embodying both positive and negative values.〔Alessandro Bausani, "Islam in the History of Religions," ''Problems and Methods of the History of Religions'' (Brill, 1972), p. 62.〕 The book has also been significant in pointing out the essential ambiguity of Prometheus and his dual Christ-like/Satanic nature as developed in the Christian tradition.〔Gedaliahu G. Stroumsa, "Myth into Metaphor: The Case of Prometheus," ''Gilgul: Essays on Transformation, Revolution and Permanence in the History of Religions'' (Brill, 1987), p. 311.〕
Werblowsky uses the terminology of Carl Jung and his school in examining "mythological projections of the human ''psyche''", though he emphasizes that he is not interested in the concept of the archetype in the strict Jungian sense. Rather, he sees the myth of figures such as Satan and Prometheus as expressing "the shortcomings … of the world as conceived by the human soul." The relation of power and civilization is explored through the interaction of the concepts of Old Testament sin and Greek ''hubris''. In this analysis, Satan "becomes the sole power-exponent in this sublunar, post-lapsarian but pre-eschatological universe, and thus stands as the prototype of human civilizing effort."
Werblowsky sets out to explore "the heroic at its limits", and makes explicit the motivating factor of World War II and its horrors in undertaking this study:
''Lucifer and Prometheus'' was one of 204 volumes in The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method series published 1910–1965 and including titles from Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erich Fromm and others. It was Werblowsky's first published book.〔Stroumsa, "Myth into Metaphor'', p. 311.〕 This volume was reissued in 1999 by Routledge. It includes an introduction written by Jung.
==Notes==
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